Direct quotes
Hooyman and Kiyak (1994, p.67) write 'theories are hunches, or ideas that explain reality’.
'Theories are perceptions of reality. Constructs and concepts are identified and relationships predicted' (Hooyman & Kiyak, 1994, p. 67).
Paraphrasing
Smith (1994) reports that scholarship is more important that inspiration when preparing good assessments.
It has been said that social theories provide explanations of the changes, which occur in old age (Hooyman & Kiyak, 1993)
3 or more writers
‘Et al’ is used when referencing a source with three of more authors. In this case, the name of each author should be included in the reference when mentioned for the first time in the essay. ‘Et al’ should never be used in your Reference List as all authors should be listed in full.
e.g. Holmes, White, Smith and Sandford (2002, p. 143) state that …
Any subsequent reference to the above may be written as follows:
Holmes et al (2002, p. 149) argue …
Secondary Citation
If you are citing work mentioned by an author in a subsequent or secondary source this should appear in-text as:
Twin studies supported this finding (Jones, 1990 cited in Biddstep, 2003, p. 3)
In the reference list you should cite the reference you used not the original work.
To cite more than one work
Separate the references using a semi colon.
……..abuse was widespread(Martino, 2004; Connor, 1997).
Personal Communications
When citing information obtained in a conversation, interview or e-mail, follow this format in-text. It is not necessary to list the full reference details in the reference list.
(Connor, J. D. 2006, pers. Comm., 6 June)
Departments, Corporations or Organisations as authors
Cite the name of the organization and well known acronyms can be used in textual reference.
WHO( 2006) reports that morbidity…
Legislation
These should follow this format with title, date and jurisdiction given in italics. It is not necessary to list legislation in the Reference list.
Mental Health Act 1990 (NSW)